期貨市場和底下會介紹的長期購售電合約交易的商品類似，皆是一部電廠未來的某段時間之內一定的發電量。在歐洲，大部分的核能或燃煤等彈性調度能力較差機組皆透過這樣的機制，降低批售電價波動對收益的風險。
Overnight volatility in South Australia - part 1 - WattClarity
殘餘負載較低特別高批售電價卻暴增的特殊狀況
What is a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)?
https://totalenergies.com/news/what-power-purchase-agreement-ppa
https://totalenergies.com/news/what-power-purchase-agreement-ppa
https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/solar/googles-latest-climate-plan-skip-grid-backlog-mimic-community-solar